Human Factors

#1. Break-off phenomenon usually occurs during:

Periods of low visual stimulus and low mental activity for the pilot

Periods of heightened cockpit activity when the pilot loses sense of reality

Short repetitive aerobatic flight when the pilot’s inner ear apparatus gets confused

Higher than normal cockpit activity with little external reference available to assist the pilot

#2. Vision:

Is adversely affected by the application of strong G forces

Is not affected by stress or G forces

Is unaffected by age

Is just as good with one eye, as with both due to constant "twitching" or saccades movements

#3. A “Human Factors” definition could be:

A general term which broadly encompasses the medical, psychological, and ergonomic aspects associated with aviation

The combination of environmental information concerning aviation

The study of humans in space and associated behaviou

The effects of human operators in aviation

#4. The partial pressure of oxygen at sea level is:

159 inHg

200 inHg

79.5 mmHg

150 mmHg

#5. Visual illusions

Can affect two pilots in the same cockpit in the same way

Occurs because of a breakdown on scanning

Are uncommon in aviation

Are never very powerful

#6. You are flying as a co-pilot on a large twin engine aircraft. Whilst cruising at FL150 with a cabin altitude of 8,000 feet, your cabin crew give you a report of an elderly woman passenger who is suffering from nausea and having “difficulty breathing”. You:

Suspect that she is hyperventilating due to the excitement of the flight and advise your cabin crew to give her a paper bag to breathe into

Recommend you crew to provide oxygen to the women, as you suspect she is suffering from mild hypoxia

Feel that the elderly woman is just a little tired due to a lack of food and rest since she could not be suffering from hypoxia at this cabin altitude

Ignore the report since elderly passengers frequently complain of nausea when travelling in pressurised aircra

#7. Regarding hazardous thought processes on the flightdeck, “it won’t happen to me” is an example of:

Anti-authority

Macho

Impulsiveness

Invulnerability

#8. Runway perspectives say that an approach in to a longer runway than used to will:

Perhaps result in the illusion of being too low and the pilot will have to overshoot

Make no difference to runway appearance

Perhaps result in the illusion of being too high and the pilot will make a low dangerous approach

Probably not matter much if the runway is upsloping as well

#9. In humans, the most powerful sense for maintaining orientation comes from:

The eyes (vision)

The balance organs

The proprioceptive organs (seat of the pants)

The inner ear (vestibular system)

#10. A pilot has not flown IFR for a few weeks but is current and has gone off on a flight, it’s an overcast day and the pilot soon enters IMC after takeoff, shortly after the pilot starts to feel some g-force in the seat of his pants and believe the aircraft is in a dive…..the pilot pulls back on the controls but this further increases the gforce felt – they should

look outside to find the nearest horizon and return the aircraft to straight and level

focus on the instruments and check the engine temperatures and pressures

move the controls until the g-force stops and then carry on the flight

look at the instrument indications – realize that they are in a graveyard spiral and use the instruments to return back to straight and level

#11. The bends is usually caused by:

The oxygen in the blood coming out of solution and forming bubbles in the bloodstream

The nitrogen in the blood coming out of solution and forming bubbles. It is usually a problem for high altitude unpressurised flight

Low air pressure triggering nervous reactions at the joints, which results in the joints taking a bent shape

Nitrogen bubbles forming in the stomach causing severe stomach pains and cramp

#12. Motion sickness is caused by:

The semi-circular canals becoming blocked due to illness

Low blood sugar levels

Too much Carbon Dioxide being exhaled

A mismatch of sensory inputs

#13. Good pilot judgement:

Involves returning home if the weather ahead looks as though it is deteriorating

Involves continuing on to a destination if you have flown there before since you know the way, even if the weather conditions are poor.

Involves relying on the fact that you have heard on the radio that another aircraft has arrived at your destination, so you decide to continue on with the flight despite that the weather conditions are poor.

Is not something that can be taught, some people are just born with good judgement.

#14. Many airlines offer their passengers hard sweets (boiled lollies) at about top of descent. This practice:

Is simply a tradition carried over from the “old days” of flying unpressurised aircraft

Is used to maintain blood sugar levels which reduces motion sickness

Gives the cabin attendant a chance to surreptitiously check that all seat belts are fastened properly

Is aimed at encouraging passengers to swallow during descent and help them to clear their ears as the cabin pressure gradually increases

#15. The time taken for a pilot who is maintaining a good lookout to avoid a potential collision is:

Up to 0.2 seconds

Up to 2 seconds

5 or more seconds

At least 10 seconds

#16. The effect you get when you look at a steady distant light at night and it starts to move around erratically is called:

Auto kinetic effect

Break-off phenomenon

The leans

Coriolis illusion

#17. The day-to-day ability to perform well as a pilot and have the mental capacity to handle problems and emergencies which might arise when flying:

Is something which we are born with, and cannot be improved by training and experience

Is not affected by the working environment - heat, vibration, noise etc

Is unlikely to be affected by external influences such as management or peer pressure

Can easily be affected by “pre-occupation” with such things as family matters or money problems

#18. Aircraft accidents are generally caused by:

Mechanical defects caused by wear and tear

Deteriorating weather

Fuel starvation

Poor pilot judgement

#19. You are in a climb to 10,000 feet AMSL flying single pilot IFR and with 10 passengers on board. Passing 9,000 feet you experience a severe and sharp pain behind the “bridge” of your nose between your eyes. You remember feeling “a cold” coming on early that morning. The most likely cause for the pain is that you:

Are experiencing “the bends”

Are experiencing “oxygen paradox”

Have a blocked Eustachian tube

Are experiencing “sinus” pain

View syllabus 14-3-2

#20. On a flight in a light twin you start treatment on an elderly passenger who you suspect is suffering from hypoxia. As you begin treatment, the passenger complains of headaches and dizziness and pushes the oxygen mask away. Your passenger is probably showing symptoms of:

Break-off phenomenon

Somatagravic illusion

Cross-coupled stimulation

Oxygen paradox

#21. Otolith organs are responsible for which of the following illusions?

Somatogravic illusion

Black-hole phenomenon

Somatogyral illusion

The leans

#22. After donating blood:

You must wait at least 12 hours before flying

You must wait at least 24 hours before flying

You must get cleared by your AME before flying

It is fine for you to return to flying straight away if you feel well

#23. Regarding judgement and decision making on the flightdeck, an example of an “invulnerability” hazardous thought process is:

“This noisy take-off will impress them”

“What will be , will be”

“That’s not my decision”

“I’ll never have any bother on this leg”

#24. In general, a heavy smoker:

Has good Hypoxia tolerance because they are used to getting less Oxygen

Will probably suffer from Hypoxia at a lower altitude

Will not be considered for airline work

None of the above

#25. In the simplified model of the way in which the human brain functions:

All of the sensation and sensory information which enters the brain is processed by it

When making decisions, the brain uses information stored in the long-term memory, but not the sensation and sensory memory

Information processing is a continual process of receiving, sorting, deciding upon, filing or discarding data

A person can consider and make a conscious decision on several different matters at the same time

#26. Trapped gases:

Will tend to expand as altitude is decreased

Will tend to contract as altitude is increased

Can cause stomach pain on ascent

Can cause ear pain on ascent

#27. Select the most correct answer:

Stress x Time = Fatigue

Fatigue x Stress = Time to Recover

Time x Fatigue = Stress

Stress and Fatigue = need a holiday

#28. You are flying an old unpressurised twin from the West Coast of the South Island to Christchurch. You are forced by Terrain to climb to 8,000’AMSL where it is very cold and you turn on the aircraft’s heater. You start to feel light headed. You are most probably suffering from:

Cold induced headache

Carbon monoxide poisoning

Hyperventilation

The leans

#29. Which is correct?

#30. Aircraft windscreens should be:

Checked prior to flight, but only cleaned prior to the first flight of the day

Cleaned on a regular basis to improve the vision for the pilot

Cleaned in a circular motion as this is the most effective means of removing marks from the windscreen

Left as they are so that there is no chance of scratching the windscreen

PPL Exams

Results

#1. Break-off phenomenon usually occurs during:

#2. Vision:

#3. A “Human Factors” definition could be:

#4. The partial pressure of oxygen at sea level is:

#5. Visual illusions

#6. You are flying as a co-pilot on a large twin engine aircraft. Whilst cruising at FL150 with a cabin altitude of 8,000 feet, your cabin crew give you a report of an elderly woman passenger who is suffering from nausea and having “difficulty breathing”. You:

#7. Regarding hazardous thought processes on the flightdeck, “it won’t happen to me” is an example of:

#8. Runway perspectives say that an approach in to a longer runway than used to will:

#9. In humans, the most powerful sense for maintaining orientation comes from:

#11. The bends is usually caused by:

#12. Motion sickness is caused by:

#13. Good pilot judgement:

#14. Many airlines offer their passengers hard sweets (boiled lollies) at about top of descent. This practice:

#15. The time taken for a pilot who is maintaining a good lookout to avoid a potential collision is:

#16. The effect you get when you look at a steady distant light at night and it starts to move around erratically is called:

#17. The day-to-day ability to perform well as a pilot and have the mental capacity to handle problems and emergencies which might arise when flying:

#18. Aircraft accidents are generally caused by:

#20. On a flight in a light twin you start treatment on an elderly passenger who you suspect is suffering from hypoxia. As you begin treatment, the passenger complains of headaches and dizziness and pushes the oxygen mask away. Your passenger is probably showing symptoms of:

#21. Otolith organs are responsible for which of the following illusions?

#22. After donating blood:

#23. Regarding judgement and decision making on the flightdeck, an example of an “invulnerability” hazardous thought process is:

#24. In general, a heavy smoker:

#25. In the simplified model of the way in which the human brain functions:

#26. Trapped gases:

#27. Select the most correct answer:

#28. You are flying an old unpressurised twin from the West Coast of the South Island to Christchurch. You are forced by Terrain to climb to 8,000’AMSL where it is very cold and you turn on the aircraft’s heater. You start to feel light headed. You are most probably suffering from:

#29. Which is correct?

#30. Aircraft windscreens should be:

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